Author's The free-lance pallbearers, 1967.

Contemporary authors online, June 28, 2013 (Ishmael Reed; also known as Emmett Coleman, Ishmael Scott Reed; born February 22, 1938, Chattanooga, TN; writer)

African American National Biography, accessed September 9, 2014, via Oxford African American Studies Center database: (Reed, Ishmael; Ishmael Scott Reed; fiction writer, poet, essayist, educator, anthropologist, book editor/publisher; born 22 February 1938 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States; studied at the University of Buffalo; associated with the Umbra Workshop; worked for the Newark Advance, NJ weekly, assuming the editorship (1965); lecturer, University of California, Berkeley; cofounded the Yardbird Publishing Company (1971) and the Before Columbus Foundation (1976))